(nivel alto) | (nivel bajo)

(entrada) | (salida)

(verdad) | (mentira)

• HIGH | LOW

• INPUT | OUTPUT

• true | false

• setup() (inicialización)
• loop() (bucle)

• if (comparador si-entonces)
• if...else (comparador si...sino)
• for (bucle con contador)
• switch case (comparador múltiple)
• while (bucle por comparación booleana)
• do... while (bucle por comparación booleana)
• break (salida de bloque de código)
• continue (continuación en bloque de código)
• return (devuelve valor a programa)

• HIGH (nivel alto) | LOW (nivel bajo)
• INPUT (entrada) | OUTPUT (salida)
• true (verdad) | false (mentira)

• boolean (booleano)
• char (carácter)

• int (entero)
• unsigned int (entero sin signo)
• long (entero 32b)
• unsigned long (entero 32b sin signo)
• float (en coma flotante)
• double (en coma flotante de 32b)
• string (cadena de caracteres)
• array (cadena)
• void (vacío)

• analogWrite() - PWM (modulación por ancho de pulso)

• min() (mínimo)
• max() (máximo)
• abs() (valor absoluto)
• constrain() (limita)
• map() (cambia valor de rango)
• pow() (eleva a un número)
• sq() (eleva al cuadrado)
• sqrt() (raíz cuadrada)

• sin() (seno)
• cos() (coseno)
• tan() (tangente)

(:title Referencia:)

Referencia del Lenguaje

Visita la referencia extendida para características más avanzadas del Lenguaje Arduino y la página de librerías para estudiar cómo conectar con distintos tipos de hardware.

Los programas hechos con Arduino se dividen en tres partes principales: estructura, valores (variables y constantes), y funciones. El Lenguaje de programación Arduino se basa en C/C++.

Estructura

• setup() (inicialización)
• loop() (bucle)

Estructuras de control

• if (comparador si-entonces)
• if...else (comparador si...sino)
• for (bucle con contador)
• switch case (comparador múltiple)
• while (bucle por comparación booleana)
• do... while (bucle por comparación booleana)
• break (salida de bloque de código)
• continue (continuación en bloque de código)
• return (devuelve valor a programa)

Sintaxis

• ; (punto y coma)
• {} (llaves)
• // (comentarios en una línea)
• /* */ (comentarios en múltiples líneas)

Operadores Aritméticos

• = (asignación)
• + (suma)
• - (resta)
• * (multiplicación)
• / (división)
• % (resto)

Operadores Comparativos

• == (igual a)
• != (distinto de)
• < (menor que)
• > (mayor que)
• <= (menor o igual que)
• >= (mayor o igual que)

Operadores Booleanos

• && (y)
• || (o)
• ! (negación)

Operadores de Composición

• ++ (incrementa)
• -- (decrementa)
• += (composición suma)
• -= (composición resta)
• *= (composición multiplicación)
• /= (composición división)

Constantes

• HIGH (nivel alto) | LOW (nivel bajo)
• INPUT (entrada) | OUTPUT (salida)
• true (verdad) | false (mentira)

• Constantes Numéricas

Tipos de Datos

• boolean (booleano)
• char (carácter)

• int (entero)
• unsigned int (entero sin signo)
• long (entero 32b)
• unsigned long (entero 32b sin signo)
• float (en coma flotante)
• double (en coma flotante de 32b)
• string (cadena de caracteres)
• array (cadena)
• void (vacío)

Conversión

Funciones

E/S Digitales

E/S Analógicas

• analogWrite() - PWM (modulación por ancho de pulso)

E/S Avanzadas

Tiempo

Matemáticas

• min() (mínimo)
• max() (máximo)
• abs() (valor absoluto)
• constrain() (limita)
• map() (cambia valor de rango)
• pow() (eleva a un número)
• sq() (eleva al cuadrado)
• sqrt() (raíz cuadrada)

Trigonometría

• sin() (seno)
• cos() (coseno)
• tan() (tangente)

Números Aleatorios

Communicación

Echás algo en falta? Visita la referencia extendida o la página de librerías. También puedes visitar la página de código propuesto por la comunidad.

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• digitalRead()

• analogRead()

• pulseIn()

• millis()
• micros()

• pinMode()
• digitalWrite()
• int digitalRead()

• int analogRead()
• analogWrite() - PWM

• shiftOut()
• unsigned long pulseIn()

• delay()
• delayMicroseconds()

• min()
• max()
• abs()
• constrain()
• map()
• pow()
• sq()
• sqrt()

• sin()
• cos()
• tan()

• randomSeed()
• random()

• tone()
• noTone()

• tone()
• noTone()

• setup()
• loop()

Communication

• Serial

Here's a style guide that helps with writing examples for beginners.

• unsigned long micros()

• byte()

• char()

Didn't find something? Check the extended reference or the libraries. Or see the list of community-contributed code.

Conversion

• int()
• long()
• float()

• sq(x)

• - (subtraction)
• * (multiplication)
• / (division)
• % (modulo)

• goto

• = (assignment)

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware.

''See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Further programming concepts may be found on the Learning / Foundations page.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Further programming concepts may be found on the 'Learning / Foundations page.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Further programming concepts may be found on the Learning / Foundations page.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Further programming concepts may be found on the Learning / Foundations? page.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Further programming concepts may be found on the Learning / Foundations? page.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Further programming concepts may be found on the Learning / Foundations? page.

• void

• = (assignment operator)

• = (assignment operator)

Language Reference

• + (addition)

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware.

''See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware.

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• pow(base, exponent)
• sqrt(x)

Trigonometry

• sin(rad)
• cos(rad)
• tan(rad)

• map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. The foundations page has extended descriptions of some hardware and software features.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. The Foundations page has extended descriptions of some hardware and software features.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. The Foundations page has extended descriptions of hardware and software features.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. The [[Tutorial/Foundations|Foundations page has extended descriptions of hardware and software features.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware.

Didn't find something? Check the extended reference or the libraries.

• true | false

• void setup()

• void setup().

• analog pins

• analog pins

• int analogRead(pin)
• configuring analog pins

Arduino Reference

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions. The Arduino language is based on C/C++.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages.

See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages.

Didn't find something? Check the extended reference.

Arduino Reference (standard)

The extended reference covers more advanced features of the Arduino language.

The extended reference covers more advanced features of the Arduino language.

The extended reference covers more advanced features of the Arduino language.

The extended reference covers more advanced features of the Arduino language.

Arduino Reference (basic)

For more advanced features of the Arduino language, see the extended reference.

Constants are particular values with specific meanings.

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, such as a sensor reading from an analog pin.

Constants

Constants are labels for certain values which are preset in the Arduino compiler. You do not need to define or initialize constants. Arduino includes the following pre-defined constants.

• HIGH | LOW
• INPUT | OUTPUT

• Integer Constants

Variables can have various types, which are described below.

An Arduino program run in two parts:

setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup section, always at the top of your program, you would set pinModes, initialize serial communication, etc. The loop section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs, triggering outputs, etc.

In Arduino, the standard program entry point (main) is defined in the core and calls into two functions in a sketch. setup() is called once, then loop() is called repeatedly (until you reset your board).

setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup section, always at the top of your program, you would set pinModes, initialize serial communication, etc. The loop section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs, triggering outputs, etc.

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, such as a sensor reading from an analog pin. They can have various types, which are described below.

• void

Extended

• void keyword

Further Syntax

• ; (semicolon)
• {} (curly braces)
• // (single line comment)
• /* */ (multi-line comment)
• #define
• #include

• return

Alpha

• plus (addition)
• - (subtraction)
• * (multiplication)
• / (division)
• % (modulo)

• *= (compound multiplication)
• /= (compound division)

• &= (compound bitwise and)
• |= (compound bitwise or)

• += (compound addition)
• -= (compound subtraction)
• += (compound multiplication)
• -= (compound division)

• -- (decrement)
• += (compound increment)
• -= (compound decrement)

• --? (decrement)
• &= (bitwise and)
• |= (bitwise or)

Compound Operators

• ++ (increment)
• |? (decrement)
• (bitwise and)
• (bitwise or)

• PROGMEM

Variable Scope & Qualifiers

• const

• boolean

• ASCII chart

• ASCII chart?

• do... while

• do... while

• break
• continue

• volatile

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions. The Arduino language is based on C/C++.

• pullup resistors?

• pullup resistors

• variable scope
• static

Variable Scope

• Variable scope
• Static

• math.h(trig,sqrt,pow etc.)

• math.h(math.h - trig,sqrt,pow etc.)

• math?(math.h - trig,sqrt,pow etc.)

• double

• mathHeader(trig,sqrt,pow etc.)

• math.h(trig,sqrt,pow etc.)

• IntegerConstants

• Constants

• cast (cast operator)

• #include

• #include

• port manipulation

• port manipulation

Reference

• Port Manipulation

• Atmega8 hardware
• Atmega168 hardware

• ^ (bitwise xor)

• keywords?

• keywords?)

Reference

• keywords?(keywords)

• ^ (bitwise xor)

• ~ (bitwise not)

• & (bitwise and)
• | (bitwise or)

• unsigned int

• unsigned long

Arduino Reference

Data Types

Utilities

• cast(cast operator)
• sizeof() (sizeof operator)

• plus(addition)

• Arithmetic(addition)

• & (bitwise and)
• | (bitwise or)
• ^ (bitwise xor)
• ~ (bitwise not)

• << (bitshift left)
• >> (bitshift right)

• ~ (not)

Boolean Operators

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise Operations

• & (and)
• | (or)
• ^ (xor)
• ! (not)

• sizeof() (sizeof operator)

• sizeof(sizeof operator)

• cast(cast operator)

• plus(addition)
• -(subtraction)
• *(multiplication)
• /(division)

• Addition?(addition)
• -?(subtraction)
• *?(multiplication)
• /?(division)

• Addition?(modulo)
• -?(modulo)
• *?(modulo)
• /?(modulo)

• %(modulo)

setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup section, always at the top of your program, you would set pinMode, initialize serial communication, etc. The loop section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs, triggering outputs, etc.

Arithmetic Operators

• %(modulo)

• %(modulo)

• %

• % (modulo)

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions.

Structure

• byte

• Integer Constants

• int digitalRead(pin)

Advanced I/O

• shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, bitOrder, value)
• unsigned long pulseIn(pin, value)

Time

Math

• min(x, y)
• max(x, y)
• abs(x)
• constrain(x, a, b)

Random Numbers

External Interrupts

These functions allow you to trigger a function when the input to a pin changes value.

• attachInterrupt(interrupt, function, mode)
• detachInterrupt(interrupt)

• int Serial.available()
• int Serial.read()
• Serial.flush()

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, like e.g. sensor reading from an analog pin. They can have various types, which are described below.

• float

• Metro

These are the "official" libraries that are included in the Arduino distribution. They are compatible with the Wiring versions, and the links below point to the (excellent) Wiring documentation.

• Matrix - Basic LED Matrix display manipulation library
• Sprite - Basic image sprite manipulation library for use in animations with an LED matrix
• Wire - Two Wire Interface for sending and receiving data over a net of devices or sensors.

• TextString Library

Libraries

These are not (yet) included with the Arduino distribution and may change.

• Simple Message System
• LCD Library

Arduino provides a library of functions on top of the standard AVR C/C++ routines. The main file of your sketch is compiled as C++, but you can add straight C files as well.

If you're used to Processing or Java, please check out the Arduino/Processing language comparison.

Handling Time

• unsigned long millis()
• delay(ms)
• delayMicroseconds(us)

Random number generation

New in Arduino 0005.

• randomSeed(seed)
• long random(max)
• long random(min, max)

(:title Reference:)

(:title API Reference:)

Arduino Reference

(:title Arduino API Reference:) !!Arduino Reference

• string
• array

• == (equal to)
• != (not equal to)

• < (less than)
• > (greater than)
• <= (less than or equal to)
• >= (greater than or equal to)

Comparison Operators

• < (less than)
• > (greater than)
• <= (less than or equal to)
• >= (greater than or equal to)

Boolean Operations

• && (and)
• || (or)
• ! (not)

Expert/Internal Functions

• avr-libc is the standard library of C functions that Arduino builds on. To use these, you may need to add the corresponding #include statement to the top of your sketch.

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, like e.g. sensor reading from an analog pin. They can have various types, which are described below. Floating point variables and operations are not currently supported.

Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices. This communication happens via the Arduino board's serial or USB connection and on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Thus, if you use these functions, you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital i/o.

Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices. This communication happens via the Arduino board's serial or USB connection and on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Thus, if you use these functions, you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital i/o.

Used for communication between the Arduino board and the computer, via the USB or serial connection. This communication happens on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). This means that these functions can be used to communicate with a serial device on those pins, but also that any digital i/o on pins 0 and 1 will interfere with this communication.

Used for communication between the Arduino board and the computer, via the USB or serial connection. Or used for serial communication on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Note: if you are using these functions, you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital i/o.

• Serial.begin(speed)
• Serial.available()
• Serial.read()
• Serial.print(data)
• Serial.println(data)

Old serial library (deprecated).

Used for communication between the Arduino board and the computer, via the USB or serial connection (both appear as serial ports to software on the computer). Or used for serial communication on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).

• unsigned long pulseIn(pin, value)

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: program structure, values (variables and constants), and functions.

setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup section, always at the top of your program, you woiuld set pinMode, initialize serial communication, etc. The loop section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs, triggering outputs, etc.

An Arduino program run in two parts:

setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup section, always at the top of your program, you initialize variables?, set pinMode, etc. The loop section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs, triggering outputs, etc.

Control Structures

Further Syntax

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: program structure, values (variables and constants), and functions.

Digital I/O

Analog I/O

• analogWrite(pin, value) - PWM

• if...else

• else?

• #define

• Define

Constants are labels for certain values which are preset in the Arduino compiler. You do not need to define or initialize constants. Arduino includes the following pre-defined constants.

• Serial.print(data)
• Serial.println(data)

• Serial.read()

• Serial.available()

Serial Library as of version 0004

• Serial.begin(speed)

• switch case

• select case?

Program Structure

Variables

Functions

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(:table border=0 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0:) (:cell:)

(:cell:)

(:tableend:)

You can define numbers in arduino that don't take up any program memory space on the chip. Arduino defines have the same syntax as C defines:

Constants

Defines

Finally, defines are a useful C component that allow you to specify something before it is compiled.

Defines

You can define constants in arduino, that don't take up any program memory space on the chip. Arduino defines have the same syntax as C defines:

#define constantName value

Note that the # is necessary. For example:

#define ledPin 3

The compiler will replace any mentions of ledPin with the value 3 at compile time.

Another form of variables are constants, which are preset variables that you do not need to define or initialize.

• HIGH | LOW
• INPUT | OUTPUT

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts:

Getting Started

• Variable Declaration
• Function Declaration

Further Syntax

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, like e.g. sensor reading from an analog pin. They can have various types, which are described below. Warning: floating point variables and operations are not currently supported.

These are the basics about the Arduino language, which implemented in C. If you're used to Processing or Java, please check out the Arduino/Processing language comparison.

• printNewline()

Variables

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, like e.g. sensor reading from an analog pin. They can have various types, which are described below.

• char
• int
• long

• if
• for
• while
• ; (semicolon)
• {} (curly braces)
• // (single line comment)
• /* */ (multi-line comment)

• pinMode(pin, mode)
• digitalWrite(pin, value)
• int digitalRead(pin)

• int analogRead(pin)
• analogWrite(pin, value)

• beginSerial(speed)
• serialWrite(c)

• printMode?(mode)
• printByte(c)
• printString(str)
• printInteger(num)
• printHex(num)
• printOctal(num)
• printBinary(num)

• unsigned long millis()
• delay(ms)
• delayMicroseconds(us)

Defines

You can define constants in arduino, that don't take up any program memory space on the chip. Arduino defines have the same syntax as C defines:

#define constantName value

Note that the # is necessary. For example:

#define ledPin 3

The compiler will replace any mentions of ledPin with the value 3 at compile time.

These are the basics about the arduino language.

• Variable Declaration

• HIGH | LOW
• INPUT | OUTPUT

Digital Pins

Analog Pins

Serial Communication

Handling Time

Digital Pins

Analog Pins

Serial Communication

Handling Time

Constants

• HIGH | LOW
• INPUT | OUTPUT

Creating New Functions

Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to store values, like e.g. sensor reading from an analog pin.

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts:

• variable declaration

• void delayMicroseconds(unsigned long us)

Writing Comments

Comments are parts in the program that are used to inform about the way the program works. They are not going to be compiled, nor will be exported to the processor. They are useful for you to understand what a certain program you downloaded is doing or to inform to your colleagues about what one of its lines is. There are two different ways of marking a line as a comment:

• you could use a double-slash in the beginning of a line: //
• you could use a combination of slash-asterisk --> asterisk-slash encapsulating your comments: /* blabla */

Tip When experimenting with code the ability of commenting parts of your program becomes very useful for you to "park" part of the code for a while.

• void loop()

• void printMode?(int mode)
• void printByte(unsigned char c)
• void printString(unsigned char *s)
• void printInteger(int n)
• void printHex(unsigned int n)
• void printOctal(unsigned int n)
• void printBinary(unsigned int n)
• unsigned long millis?()
• void delay(unsigned long ms)
• void delayMicroseconds(unsigned long us)

• void digitalWrite(int pin, int val)
• int digitalRead(int pin)
• int analogRead(int pin)
• void analogWrite(int pin, int val)
• void beginSerial(int baud)
• void serialWrite(unsigned char c)
• int serialAvailable()
• int serialRead()

• void setup()
• voide loop()

Program Structure

• void setup
• voide loop

Variables

Functions

Arduino Reference

These are the functions available in the arduino language

• void pinMode(int pin, int mode)
• void digitalWrite(int pin, int val)
• int digitalRead(int pin)
• int analogRead(int pin)
• void analogWrite(int pin, int val)
• void beginSerial(int baud)
• void serialWrite(unsigned char c)
• int serialAvailable()
• int serialRead()
• void printMode(int mode)
• void printByte(unsigned char c)
• void printString(unsigned char *s)
• void printInteger(int n)
• void printHex(unsigned int n)
• void printOctal(unsigned int n)
• void printBinary(unsigned int n)
• unsigned long millis()
• void delay(unsigned long ms)
• void delayMicroseconds(unsigned long us)